8/30/2017 0 Comments Data Precision 3500 Manual MuscleOSHA Technical Manual (OTM) . Introduction. Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most common occupational hazards in American workplaces. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that 3. United States are exposed to hazardous noise. We supply manuals for all makes of tractors and farm machinery. We also stock a large range of construction machinery manuals. The manual that you are after may be.Exposure to high levels of noise may cause hearing loss, create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with communication, and contribute to accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals. This chapter provides technical information and guidance to help Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) evaluate noise hazards in the workplace. The content is based on currently available research publications, OSHA standards, and consensus standards. The chapter is divided into six main sections. Following this introduction, the second section provides background information about noise and noise regulations and an overview of noise controls. The third section describes worksite noise evaluations, including noise measurement equipment, noise evaluation procedures, and noise sampling. The fourth section offers investigative guidelines (including methods for planning the investigation) and outlines a strategy for conducting noise evaluations. The fifth section describes noise hazard abatement and control, including engineering and administrative controls, hearing protection, noise conservation programs, cost comparisons between noise hazard abatement options, and case studies. The final two sections provide references used to produce this chapter and resources for obtaining additional information. Following the main sections, the appendices provide a glossary of terms, sample calculations, and expanded discussion of certain topics introduced in the chapter. II. Background Information. A. What Is Noise? Occupational noise can be any sound in any work environment. A textbook definition of sound is . ![]() Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more. Sound can travel through any elastic medium (e. Figure 1. Sound Waves. When air molecules are set to vibrate, the ear perceives the variations in pressure as sound (OTM/Driscoll). The vibrations are converted into mechanical energy by the middle ear, subsequently moving microscopic hairs in the inner ear, which in turn convert the sound waves into nerve impulses. If the vibrations are too intense, over time these microscopic hairs can be damaged, causing hearing loss. Noise is unwanted sound. In the workplace, sound that is intense enough to damage hearing is unwanted and, therefore, is considered to be noise. Several key terms describe the qualities of sound. These qualities influence how it affects hearing and health, how it is measured, and how it can be controlled. Effective occupational noise investigations require the investigator to understand these basic terms. Global webcast auction big rock energy services - late model pci industries mobile high pressure nitrogen generating unit & mack, ihc & freightliner flush by/ rod rig. Discover the 2018 GMC Sierra 3500HD Chassis Cab, with a versatile body for upfitting, powerful engines, and a formidable maximum payload capacity. B. Basic Qualities of Sound. Figure 2. Wavelength. Wavelength. The wavelength (. The wavelength of sound is usually measured in meters or feet. Wavelength is important for designing engineering controls. For example, a sound- absorbing material will perform most effectively if its thickness is at least one- quarter the wavelength. Frequency. Frequency, f, is a measure of the number of vibrations (i. It is measured in hertz (Hz), where one Hz is equal to one cycle per second. Sound frequency is perceived as pitch (i. The frequency range sensed by the ear varies considerably among individuals. A young person with normal hearing can hear frequencies between approximately 2. Hz and 2. 0,0. 00 Hz. As a person gets older, the highest frequency that he or she can detect tends to decrease. Human speech frequencies are in the range of 5. Hz to 4,0. 00 Hz. This is significant because hearing loss in this range will interfere with conversational speech. The portions of the ear that detect frequencies between 3,0. Hz and 4,0. 00 Hz are the earliest to be affected by exposure to noise. Audiograms often display a 4,0. Hz . The speed of sound is typically measured in meters per second or feet per second. Speed increases as the density of the medium increases and its elasticity decreases. For example: In air, the speed of sound is approximately 3. In liquids and solids, the speed of sound is much higher. The speed of sound is about 1,5. The frequency, wavelength, and speed of a sound wave are related by the equationc = f . The range of sound pressures perceived as sound is extremely large, beginning with a very weak pressure causing faint sounds and increasing to noise so loud that it causes pain. The threshold of hearing is the quietest sound that can typically be heard by a young person with undamaged hearing. This varies somewhat among individuals but is typically in the micropascal range. The reference sound pressure is the standardized threshold of hearing and is defined as 2. Hz. The threshold of pain, or the greatest sound pressure that can be perceived without pain, is approximately 1. It is, therefore, more convenient to use a relative (e. OTM/Driscoll). Decibels Click here to compare the decibel levels generated by familiar noise sources. Noise is measured in units of sound pressure called decibels (d. B), named after Alexander Graham Bell. The decibel notation is implied any time a . Decibel Scale. The decibel scale is convenient because it compresses sound pressures important to human hearing into a manageable scale. By definition, 0 d. B is set at the reference sound pressure (2. Hz, as stated earlier). At the upper end of human hearing, noise causes pain, which occurs at sound pressures of about 1. On the decibel scale, the threshold of pain occurs at 1. B. This range of 0 d. B to 1. 40 d. B is not the entire range of sound, but is the range relevant to human hearing (Figure 3). Decibels are logarithmic values, so it is not proper to add them by normal algebraic addition. See Appendix B for information on the cumulative effects of multiple sound sources on the decibel level. The decibel is a dimensionless unit; however, the concepts of distance and three- dimensional space are important to understanding how noise spreads through an environment and how it can be controlled. Sound fields and sound power are terms used in describing these concepts. Sound Fields. Many noise- control problems require a practical knowledge of the relationships between: A sound field (a region in which sound is propagating) and two related concepts. Sound pressure (influenced by the energy . The near field is the space immediately around the noise source, sometimes defined as within the wavelength of the lowest frequency component (e. Hz tone, about 1 foot for a 1,0. Hz tone, and less than 7 inches for a 2,0. Hz tone). Sound pressure measurements obtained with standard instruments within the near field are not reliable because small changes in position can result in big differences in the readings. The far field is the space outside the near field, meaning that the far field begins at a point at least one wavelength distance from the noise source. Standard sound level meters (i. I and type II) are reliable in this field, but the measurements are influenced by whether the noise is simply originating from a source (free field) or being reflected back from surrounding surfaces (reverberant field). A free field is a region in which there are no reflected sound waves. In a free field, sound radiates into space from a source uniformly in all directions. The sound pressure produced by the source is the same in every direction at equal distances from the point source. As a principle of physics, the sound pressure level decreases 6 d. B, on a Z- weighted (i. This is a common way of expressing the inverse- square law in acoustics and is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. Sound Pressure Levels in a Free Field. If a point source in a free field produces a sound pressure level of 9. B at a distance of 1 meter, the sound pressure level is 8. B at 2 meters, 7. B at 4 meters, and so forth. This principle holds true regardless of the units used to measure distance. GOP Data Firm Accidentally Leaks Personal Details of Nearly 2. Million American Voters. Political data gathered on more than 1. US citizens was exposed this month after a marketing firm contracted by the Republican National Committee stored internal documents on a publicly accessible Amazon server. The data leak contains a wealth of personal information on roughly 6. US population. Along with home addresses, birthdates, and phone numbers, the records include advanced sentiment analyses used by political groups to predict where individual voters fall on hot- button issues such as gun ownership, stem cell research, and the right to abortion, as well as suspected religious affiliation and ethnicity. The data was amassed from a variety of sources—from the banned subreddit r/fatpeoplehate to American Crossroads, the super PAC co- founded by former White House strategist Karl Rove. Deep Root Analytics, a conservative data firm that identifies audiences for political ads, confirmed ownership of the data to Gizmodo on Friday. Up. Guard cyber risk analyst Chris Vickery discovered Deep Root’s data online last week. More than a terabyte was stored on the cloud server without the protection of a password and could be accessed by anyone who found the URL. Many of the files did not originate at Deep Root, but are instead the aggregate of outside data firms and Republican super PACs, shedding light onto the increasingly advanced data ecosystem that helped propel President Donald Trump’s slim margins in key swing states. Although files possessed by Deep Root would be typical in any campaign, Republican or Democratic, experts say its exposure in a single open database raises significant privacy concerns. Data Trust received over $6. RNC during the 2. Open. Secrets. org, and its president, Johnny De. Stefano, now serves as Trump’s director of presidential personnel. The Koch brothers’ political group Americans for Prosperity, which had a data- swapping agreement with Data Trust during the 2. Target. Point, whose co- founder previously served as director of Mitt Romney’s strategy team. Each file offers rich details about political ads—estimated cost, audience demographics, reach, and more—by and about figures and groups spanning the political spectrum. There are files on the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Planned Parenthood, and the American Civil Liberties Union, as well as files on every 2. Republicans included. What’s more, the Kantar files each contain video links to related political ads stored on Kantar’s servers. Spreadsheets acquired from Target. Point, which partnered with Deep Root and GOP Data Trust during the 2. Target. Point’s data seeks to resolve questions about where individual voters stand on dozens of political issues. For example: Is the voter eco- friendly? Do they favor lowering taxes? Do they believe the Democrats should stand up to Trump? Do they agree with Trump’s “America First” economic stance? Pharmaceutical companies do great damage: Agree or Disagree? The details of voters’ likely preferences for issues like stem cell research and gun control were likely drawn from a variety of sources according to a Democratic strategist who spoke with Gizmodo.“Data like that would be a combination of polling data, real world data from door- knocking and phone- calling and other canvassing activities, coupled with modeling using the data we already have to extrapolate what the voters we don’t know about would think,” the strategist said. Deep Root has retained Stroz Friedberg, a cybersecurity and digital forensics firm, to investigate. He used the same process last month to detect sensitive files tied to a US Defense Department project and exposed by an employee of a top defense contractor. This is not the first leak of voter files uncovered by Vickery, who told Gizmodo that he was alarmed over how the data was apparently being used—some states, for instance, prohibit the commercial use of voter records. Moreover, it was not immediately clear to whom the data belonged. In an email to Gizmodo, Deep Root said that its voter models are used to enhance the understanding of TV viewership for political ad buyers. Deep Root also works primarily with GOP customers (although similar vendors, such as Nation. Builder, service the Democrats as well). Deep Root is one of three data firms hired by the Republican National Committee in the run- up to the 2. Founded by Lundry, a data scientist on the Jeb Bush and Mitt Romney campaigns, the firm was one of three analytics teams that worked on the Trump campaign following the party’s national convention in the summer of 2. Lundry’s work brought him into Trump’s campaign war room, according to a post- election Ad. Age article that charted the GOP’s 2. Deep Root was hand- picked by the RNC’s then- chief of staff, Katie Walsh, in September of last year and joined two other data shops—Target. Point Consulting and Causeway Solutions—in the effort to win Trump the presidency. Walsh, who now works for the nonprofit America First Policies after a brief stint in the White House, oversaw Trump’s data operation in partnership with Brad Parscale, Trump’s digital director. Attempts to reach Walsh for comment were also unsuccessful.) Walsh and Parscale focused their efforts on three categories of voters, Ad. Age reports: voters who might be predisposed to support Trump, Republican voters who were uncertain about Trump, and voters that were leaning toward Hillary Clinton but could be persuaded by Trump’s message of changing up government- as- usual. To appeal to the three crucial categories, it appears that Trump’s team relied on voter data provided by Data Trust. Complete voter rolls for 2. Florida and Ohio, apparently compiled by Data Trust are contained in the dataset exposed by Deep Root. Data Trust acquires voter rolls from state officials and then standardizes the voter data to create a clean, manageable record of all registered US voters, a source familiar with the firm’s operations told Gizmodo. Voter data itself is public record and therefore not particularly sensitive, the source added, but the tools Data Trust uses to standardize that data are considered proprietary. That data is then provided to political clients, including analytics firms like Deep Root. While Data Trust requires its clients to protect the data, it has to take clients at their word that industry- standard encryption and security protocols are in place. Target. Point and Causeway, the two firms employed by the RNC in addition to Deep Root, apparently layered their own analytics atop the information provided by Data Trust. Target. Point conducted thousands of surveys per week in 2. Ad. Age, gauging voter sentiment on a variety of topics. While Causeway helped manage the data, Deep Root used it to perfect its TV advertising targets—producing voter turnout estimates by county and using that intelligence to target its ad buys. A source with years of experience working on political campaign data operations told Gizmodo that the data exposed by Deep Root appeared to be customized for the RNC and had apparently been used to create models for turnout and voter preferences. Metadata in the files suggested that the database wasn’t Deep Root’s working copy, but rather a post- election version of its data, the source said, adding that it was somewhat surprising the files hadn’t been discarded. Because the data from the 2. Even the 2. 01. 6 data is quickly becoming stale. Many of filenames indicate they potentially contain market research on Democratic candidates and the independent expenditure committees that support them. Divided by state, the files include the voters’ names and addresses, along with a unique RNC identification number assigned to every US citizen registered to vote. Each row indicates where voters likely fall on issues of interest to Exxon. Mobil, the country’s biggest natural gas producer.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |